Control glucémico de los pacientes ancianos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en España (2015) y su relación con la capacidad funcional y la comorbilidad. Estudio Escadiane / Glycaemic control of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Spain (2015) and its relationship with functional capacity and comorbidity. The Escadiane study

Objetivos. Conocer el estado del control glucémico de los pacientes ancianos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en España y su relación con la capacidad funcional y la comorbilidad. Métodos. Estudio transversal, observacional, multicéntrico, de ámbito nacional, en pacientes con diabetes mellitus≥65 años. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas, antropométricas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, datos de exploración clínica y analíticos, comorbilidad asociada y tratamientos utilizados. Se analizó la capacidad funcional mediante el índice de Barthel y la comorbilidad con el de Charlson. Resultados. Se incluyeron 939 pacientes. La edad media fue 76,4±6,7 años. La hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c) media fue 7,0±1,2% y la glucemia basal media 137±39,6mg/dl. El nivel de HbA1c presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas según el grado de discapacidad. En los pacientes con dependencia total, grave, moderada, leve o independientes las concentraciones de HbA1c media fueron de 7,0%, 7,9%, 7,4% y 7,0% (p<0,028) respectivamente. Los niveles de HbA1c fueron de 7,3%, 7,1% y 6,9% en los pacientes con comorbilidad muy alta, alta y media, respectivamente (p<0,001). Conclusiones. Los valores medios de HbA1c en los pacientes ancianos con diabetes tipo 2 analizados en España son inferiores a los recomendados por las principales guías de práctica clínica. Son más elevados en los pacientes que presentan mayor grado de discapacidad funcional y un nivel más alto de comorbilidad (AU)

Objectives. To understand the state of glycaemic control of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Spain and its relationship with functional capacity and comorbidity. Methods. Cross-sectional, observational, multicentre national study on patients with diabetes mellitus aged 65 years or older. The study analysed demographic and anthropometric variables, cardiovascular risk factors, clinical and laboratory data, associated comorbidity and treatments. We analysed the functional capacity using the Barthel index and the comorbidity with Charlson index. Results. The study included 939 patients with a mean age of 76.4±6.7 years. The mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level was 7.0%±1.2%, and the mean basal blood glucose level was 137±39.6mg/dL. The HbA1c level showed statistically significant differences depending on the degree of disability. In the patients who were totally, severely, moderately or slightly dependent or who were independent, the mean HbA1c levels were 7.0%, 7.9%, 7.4% and 7.0%, respectively (P<.028). HbA1c levels were 7.3%, 7.1% and 6.9% in the patients with very high, high and medium comorbidity, respectively (P<.001). Conclusions. Mean HbA1c levels in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes analysed in Spain are below those recommended by the main clinical practice guidelines. The levels are higher in patients who have more functional disability and a higher level of comorbidity (AU)

Glycaemic control of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Spain (2015) and its relationship with functional capacity and comorbidity. The Escadiane study. / Control glucémico de los pacientes ancianos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en España (2015) y su relación con la capacidad funcional y la comorbilidad. Estudio Escadiane.

OBJECTIVES: To understand the state of glycaemic control of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Spain and its relationship with functional capacity and comorbidity. METHODS: Cross-sectional, observational, multicentre national study on patients with diabetes mellitus aged 65 years or older. The study analysed demographic and anthropometric variables, cardiovascular risk factors, clinical and laboratory data, associated comorbidity and treatments. We analysed the functional capacity using the Barthel index and the comorbidity with Charlson index. RESULTS: The study included 939 patients with a mean age of 76.4±6.7 years. The mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level was 7.0%±1.2%, and the mean basal blood glucose level was 137±39.6mg/dL. The HbA1c level showed statistically significant differences depending on the degree of disability. In the patients who were totally, severely, moderately or slightly dependent or who were independent, the mean HbA1c levels were 7.0%, 7.9%, 7.4% and 7.0%, respectively (P<.028). HbA1c levels were 7.3%, 7.1% and 6.9% in the patients with very high, high and medium comorbidity, respectively (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Mean HbA1c levels in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes analysed in Spain are below those recommended by the main clinical practice guidelines. The levels are higher in patients who have more functional disability and a higher level of comorbidity.

Hacia un manejo integral del paciente con diabetes y obesidad. Posicionamiento de la SEMI, SED, redGDPS, SEC, SEEDO, SEEN, SEMERGEN y SEMFYC / Position statement of the SEMI, SED, redGDPS, SEC, SEEDO, SEEN, SEMERGEN y SEMFYC

La obesidad y el sobrepeso constituyen la principal causa modificable de diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). En el momento del diagnóstico de la diabetes tipo 2 se debe establecer el grado de obesidad según el índice de masa corporal y, en los pacientes con sobrepeso, determinar el perímetro de la cintura. El adecuado tratamiento de la DM2 requiere un abordaje simultáneo del sobrepeso/obesidad y el resto de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, como la hipertensión, la dislipemia o el tabaquismo. Las intervenciones no farmacológicas (dieta, ejercicio) con beneficio demostrado en la prevención y tratamiento del paciente con DM2 y sobrepeso/obesidad deben seguir un enfoque individualizado y multidisciplinario, con programas estructurados dotados de recursos específicos. La ganancia de peso asociada al tratamiento antidiabético puede dificultar el control glucémico, comprometer la adherencia al tratamiento, empeorar el perfil de riesgo vascular de los pacientes y limitar los beneficios cardiovasculares del tratamiento. Por ello, es importante evitarla; una medida que resulta coste-efectiva. Los fármacos antidiabéticos con beneficios sobre el peso corporal también han demostrado su beneficio en pacientes con un índice de masa corporal<30kg/m2. Globalmente, el tratamiento del paciente con DM2 y obesidad dependerá tanto del grado de obesidad como de la comorbilidad asociada. Los ensayos clínicos de intervención en DM2 deben contemplar objetivos combinados que incluyan no solo el control glucémico, sino otras variables como el riesgo de hipoglucemia y el efecto del tratamiento sobre el peso corporal (AU)

Obesity and excess weight are the main preventable causes of type 2 diabetes (DM2). When diagnosing type 2 diabetes, clinicians should establish the degree of obesity according to the body mass index (BMI) and, for patients with excess weight, measure the waist circumference. The proper treatment of DM2 requires a simultaneous approach to excess weight/obesity and the other cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and smoking. Nondrug interventions (e.g., diet and exercise) have proven benefits in preventing and treating patients with DM2 and excess weight/obesity and should follow an individual and multidisciplinary approach, with structured programs equipped with specific resources. Weight gain associated with antidiabetic treatment can hinder glycaemic control, compromise treatment adherence, worsen the vascular risk profile and limit the cardiovascular benefits of treatment. Therefore, it is significant to avoid weight gain, a measure that can be cost-effective. Antidiabetic drugs with benefits in body weight have also demonstrated their benefit in patients with BMIs <30. In general, the treatment of patients with DM2 and obesity will depend both on the degree of obesity and the associated comorbidity. Clinical trials on DM2 intervention should consider combined objectives that include not only glycaemic control but also other variables such as the risk of hypoglycaemia and the effect of treatment on body weight (AU)

Position statement of the SEMI, SED, redGDPS, SEC, SEEDO, SEEN, SEMERGEN y SEMFYC.

Obesity and excess weight are the main preventable causes of type 2 diabetes (DM2). When diagnosing type 2 diabetes, clinicians should establish the degree of obesity according to the body mass index (BMI) and, for patients with excess weight, measure the waist circumference. The proper treatment of DM2 requires a simultaneous approach to excess weight/obesity and the other cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and smoking. Nondrug interventions (e.g., diet and exercise) have proven benefits in preventing and treating patients with DM2 and excess weight/obesity and should follow an individual and multidisciplinary approach, with structured programs equipped with specific resources. Weight gain associated with antidiabetic treatment can hinder glycaemic control, compromise treatment adherence, worsen the vascular risk profile and limit the cardiovascular benefits of treatment. Therefore, it is significant to avoid weight gain, a measure that can be cost-effective. Antidiabetic drugs with benefits in body weight have also demonstrated their benefit in patients with BMIs <30. In general, the treatment of patients with DM2 and obesity will depend both on the degree of obesity and the associated comorbidity. Clinical trials on DM2 intervention should consider combined objectives that include not only glycaemic control but also other variables such as the risk of hypoglycaemia and the effect of treatment on body weight.

Barriers associated with poor control in Spanish diabetic patients. A consensus study.

BACKGROUND: Delphi technique allows developing a multidisciplinary consensus to establish solutions. AIM: To identify barriers and solutions to improve control in patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2). METHODS: An observational study using the 2-round Delphi technique (June-August 2011). A panel of 108 experts in DM2 from medical and nursing fields (primary care providers and specialists) from different regions completed via email a questionnaire with 41 Likert statements and 9 scores for each one. Level of agreement was assessed using measures of central tendency and dispersion. We analysed commonalities/differences between the two groups (Kappa index and McNemar chi-square). RESULTS: Response rate: 65%. Degree of agreement: 63.4% (95% CI 48.7-78.1%) in medicine, and 78.1% (95% CI 65.4-90.8) in nursing (p > 0.05). Overall level of agreement: Kappa = 0.43, (χ(2) = 2.5 p > 0.05). Regarding non-compliance with therapy, it improves with: the information to the partner/family/caregiver, patient education degree in diabetes, patient motivation and ability to share and agree on decisions with the patient. Clinical inertia improves with: motivation degree of healthcare professionals and the calculation of cardiovascular risk; and gets worse with: the shortage of time in consultation, absence of data in medical record, border high limits measurements accepted as normal readings, lack of a treatment goals, lack of teamwork (Physician/Nurse), scarcity of resources and lack of alarm systems in the electronic medical record on goals to achieve. CONCLUSION: The participants achieved an agreement in interventions in non-therapeutic compliance and clinical inertia to improve DM2 control.

Grasas de la dieta y salud cardiovascular / Dietary fats and cardiovascular health

La importancia de la grasa en la dieta, y su papel en la prevención cardiovascular es uno de los tópicos nutricionales mejor estudiados y, a pesar de ello, está en continua revisión. Ahora ya conocemos, en especial gracias a los estudios relacionados con la dieta mediterránea, que es más importante la calidad de la grasa que la cantidad de su ingesta. En ese sentido, la grasa saturada y la grasa trans están implicadas en el riesgo aterogénico, por lo que se recomienda que para el diseño de una dieta sana dichos nutrientes se deben sustituir por hidratos de carbono complejos o por grasas insaturadas, manteniendo el consumo de grasa saturada en < 10% y el de trans en < 1% de la ingesta caló- rica. Estudios poblacionales recientes, en especial el estudio de Kuopio y los trabajos realizados con el modelo de dieta mediterránea, están afianzando cada vez más la importancia de las grasas monoinsaturadas y poliinsaturadas como nutrientes claves para la prevención de las enfermedades crónicas de las sociedades modernas. Por otra parte, un tipo especial de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, los de la serie omega 3 (n-3), están gradualmente convirtiéndose en nutrientes claves de una dieta sana, especialmente en niños. Por ello parece razonable que 4 sociedades, fuertemente implicadas en difundir los beneficios de la dieta como herramienta para prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares, desarrollen un consenso para difundir los nuevos conocimientos sobre la importancia de conseguir un aporte equilibrado y adecuado de grasa en la dieta de las poblaciones industrializadas. Esto justifica este documento realizado por un grupo de expertos de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis, la Sociedad Española de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, la Aso - ciación Española de Pediatría, la Sociedad Española de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediá trica y la Sociedad Española de Dietética y Ciencias de la Alimentación, en un esfuerzo porque resulte un trabajo multidisciplinar, orientado tanto a los adultos como a los niños en distintos tramos de edad (AU)

Although dietary fat and its role in cardiovascular prevention has been one of the most extensively studied nutritional topics, it continues to be an ever-expanding research area. Particularly thanks to studies on Mediterranean diet, we now know that fat quality is more relevant than the amount of fat we eat in the diet. Thus, saturated and trans fats have been found to increase the risk of atherogenic disease. This is why it is recommended to substitute complex carbohydrates or unsaturated fat for unsaturated and trans fats with the aim of reducing saturated and trans fat intake to < 10% and < 1%, respectively, of the total calorie intake. Recent population studies, particularly that conducted in Kuopio, Finland, and those on Mediterranean diet, stress the important role of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats as key nutrients in preventing cardiovascular disease in modern societies. Furthermore, a special type of polyunsaturated fatty acids, i.e. those of the omega-3 (n-3) series, is increasingly becoming essential nutrients for a healthy diet, especially in the case of children. Therefore, there is a rationale for four the Scientific Societies that are strongly committed to disseminate the benefits of a healthy diet in preventing cardiovascular disease, and to prepare a joint statement with the purpose of spreading improved knowledge on the importance of changing to a healthy diet with a well-balanced fat intake for industrialized populations. Accordingly, a multidisciplinary panel of experts from the following institutions has developed the present joint statement targeted at both adults and children of different ages: Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis, Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine, Spanish Association of Paediatrics, Spanish Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Paediatric Nutrition and Dietetics, and Spanish Society for Food Sciences (AU)

Grasas de la dieta y salud cardiovascular / Dietary fats and cardiovascular health

La importancia de la grasa en la dieta, y su papel en la prevención cardiovascular es uno de los tópicos nutricionales mejor estudiados y, a pesar de ello, está en continua revisión. Ahora ya conocemos, en especial gracias a los estudios relacionados con la dieta mediterránea, que es más importante la calidad de la grasa que la cantidad de su ingesta. En ese sentido, la grasa saturada y la grasa trans están implicadas en el riesgo aterogénico, por lo que se recomienda que para el diseño de una dieta sana dichos nutrientes se deben sustituir por hidratos de carbono complejos o por grasas insaturadas, manteniendo el consumo de grasa saturada en < 10% y el de trans en < 1% de la ingesta calórica. Estudios poblacionales recientes, en especial el estudio de Kuopio y los trabajos realizados con el modelo de dieta mediterránea, están afianzando cada vez más la importancia de las grasas monoinsaturadas y poliinsaturadas como nutrientes claves para la prevención de las enfermedades crónicas de las sociedades modernas. Por otra parte, un tipo especial de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, los de la serie omega 3 (n-3), están gradualmente convirtiéndose en nutrientes claves de una dieta sana, especialmente en niños. Por ello parece razonable que 4 sociedades, fuertemente (..) (AU)

Although dietary fat and its role in cardiovascular prevention has been one of the most extensively studied nutritional topics, it continues to be an everexpading research area. Particularly thanks to studies on Mediterranean diet, we now know that fat quality is more relevant than the amount of fat we eat in the diet. Thus, saturated and trans fats have been found to increase the risk of atherogenic disease. This is why it is recommended (..) (AU)

Grasas de la dieta y salud cardiovascular / Dietary fats and cardiovascular health

La importancia de la grasa en la dieta, y su papel en la prevención cardiovascular, es uno de los tópicos nutricionales mejor estudiados y, a pesar de ello, está en continua revisión. Ahora ya conocemos, en especial gracias a los estudios relacionados con la dieta mediterránea, que es más importante la calidad de la grasa que la cantidad de su ingesta. En ese sentido, la grasa saturada y la grasa trans están implicadas en el riesgo aterogénico, por lo que se recomienda que para el diseño de una dieta sana dichos nutrientes se deben sustituir por hidratos de carbono complejos o por grasas insaturadas, manteniendo el consumo de grasa saturada en < 10% y el de trans en < 1% de la ingesta calórica. Estudios poblacionales recientes, en especial el estudio de Kuopio y los trabajos realizados con el modelo de dieta mediterránea, están afianzando cada vez más la importancia de las grasas monoinsaturadas y poliinsaturadas como nutrientes claves para la prevención de las enfermedades crónicas de las sociedades modernas. Por otra parte, un tipo especial de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, los de la serie omega 3 (n-3), están gradualmente convirtiéndose en nutrientes claves de una dieta sana, especialmente en niños. Por ello parece razonable que 4 sociedades, fuertemente implicadas en difundir los beneficios de la dieta como herramienta para prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares, desarrollen un consenso para difundir los nuevos conocimientos sobre la importancia de conseguir un aporte equilibrado y adecuado de grasa en la dieta de las poblaciones industrializadas. Esto justifica este documento realizado por un grupo de expertos de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis, la Sociedad Española de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, la Asociación Española de Pediatría, la Sociedad Española de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica y la Sociedad Española de Dietética y Ciencias de la Alimentación, en un esfuerzo porque resulte un trabajo multidisciplinar, orientado tanto a los adultos como a los niños en distintos tramos de edad (AU)

Although dietary fat and its role in cardiovascular prevention has been one of the most extensively studied nutritional topics, it continues to be an ever-expanding research area. Particularly thanks to studies on Mediterranean diet, we now know that fat quality is more relevant than the amount of fat we eat in the diet. Thus, saturated and trans fats have been found to increase the risk of atherogenic disease. This is why it is recommended to substitute complex carbohydrates or unsaturated fat for unsaturated and trans fats with the aim of reducing saturated and trans fat intake to <10% and <1%, respectively, of the total calorie intake. Recent population studies, particularly that conducted in Kuopio, Finland, and those on Mediterranean diet, stress the important role of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats as key nutrients in preventing cardiovascular disease in modern societies. Furthermore, a special type of polyunsaturated fatty acids, i.e. those of the omega-3 (n-3) series, is increasingly becoming essential nutrients for a healthy diet, especially in the case of children. Therefore, there is a rationale for four the Scientific Societies that are strongly committed to disseminate the benefits of a healthy diet in preventing cardiovascular disease, and to prepare a joint statement with the purpose of spreading improved knowledge on the importance of changing to a healthy diet with a well-balanced fat intake for industrialized populations. Accordingly, a multidisciplinary panel of experts from the following institutions has developed the present joint statement targeted at both adults and children of different ages: Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis, Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine, Spanish Association of Paediatrics, Spanish Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Paediatric Nutrition and Dietetics, and Spanish Society for Food Sciences (AU)

[Dietary fats and cardiovascular health]. / Grasas de la dieta y salud cardiovascular.

Although dietary fat and its role in cardiovascular prevention has been one of the most extensively studied nutritional topics, it continues to be an ever-expanding research area. Particularly thanks to studies on Mediterranean diet, we now know that fat quality is more relevant than the amount of fat we eat in the diet. Thus, saturated and trans fats have been found to increase the risk of atherogenic disease. This is why it is recommended to substitute complex carbohydrates or unsaturated fat for unsaturated and trans fats with the aim of reducing saturated and trans fat intake to <10% and <1%, respectively, of the total calorie intake. Recent population studies, particularly that conducted in Kuopio, Finland, and those on Mediterranean diet, stress the important role of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats as key nutrients in preventing cardiovascular disease in modern societies. Furthermore, a special type of polyunsaturated fatty acids, i.e. those of the omega-3 (n-3) series, is increasingly becoming essential nutrients for a healthy diet, especially in the case of children. Therefore, there is a rationale for four the Scientific Societies that are strongly committed to disseminate the benefits of a healthy diet in preventing cardiovascular disease, and to prepare a joint statement with the purpose of spreading improved knowledge on the importance of changing to a healthy diet with a well-balanced fat intake for industrialized populations. Accordingly, a multidisciplinary panel of experts from the following institutions has developed the present joint statement targeted at both adults and children of different ages: Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis, Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine, Spanish Association of Paediatrics, Spanish Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Paediatric Nutrition and Dietetics, and Spanish Society for Food Sciences.

[Cigarette smoking among adolescents. Estimated prevalence by a questionnaire and serum cotinine]. / Tabaquismo en adolescentes. Prevalencia estimada mediante declaración y cotinina sérica.

BACKGROUND: The tobacco smoking epidemic is causing more deaths than anyone before. Young population is the main aim of tobacco advertisements. We estimated the prevalence of tobacco use among adolescents and their environment, the agreement of questionnaire and serum cotinine and the total prevalence of exposure (active plus pasive). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 439 highschool students. We obtained a blood sample and anonimously inquired about their tobacco consumption and the existence of smokers in their environment. We analized the agreement between both methods. RESULTS: 56% have ever smoked tobacco. Declared prevalence of consumption was 34% (CI95%= 29.49-38.51), being 40% among girls and 23% among boys. The agreement between cotinine and declaration was high only in voluntary smokers (Kappa = 0.68 for 1 o more cigarettes/day and Kappa = 0.76 for 10 or more cigarettes/day). Smoking prevalence of the famliy, friends and school among smokers was higher (80%, 71% and 88%, respectively) than among non smokers (65%, 24% and 78%). Combining questionnaire and cotinine it was estimated that total prevalence of exposure was larger than 64%. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of exposure and the asociation of tobacco smoking among adolescents and their environment demands an educational program against tobacco including family, social and school environments. The agreement between declaration and serum cotinine is high only when consumption is daily.